Frequently Asked Questions

Abnormal sperm morphology may be a contributing factor in male infertility.

Some research suggests that acetyl-L-carnitine may improve fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis.

Acid reflux and GERD are closely related, but the terms aren't necessarily interchangeable.

Learn what mistakes to avoid when caring for your skin with acne.

Various procedures can improve acne scars, but no single treatment is best for everyone.

Acupuncture for back pain — Can acupuncture treatments relieve back pain?

Most cases of acute bronchitis are caused by viruses and are contagious. Learn ways to reduce your risk of catching viruses that can cause bronchitis.

Over-the-counter drugs may provide some relief from the symptoms of acute sinusitis.

Adrenal fatigue is a lay term used to describe a mild form of adrenal insufficiency caused by chronic stress.

Adult bed-wetting is uncommon and requires evaluation by a doctor. Learn about possible causes.

After a flood, don't eat foods or take medications that have come into contact with flood water or contaminated water.

An unsteady gait is a common side effect of aging. Here's what you can do about it.

Concerned about changes in your skin? Here's what you need to know about aging skin.

Consider these commonsense guidelines to keep you and your baby safe.

Planning for air travel with an infant? Know how air travel can affect a newborn's ears and breathing, and what you can do to keep your baby comfortable.

Albuterol side effects — Managing reactions to quick-relief asthma medication.

Drinking too much alcohol can raise your blood pressure to unhealthy levels.

Health claims about alkaline water abound, but plain water is usually best.

Find out what allergy medications can help you manage allergies during pregnancy.

The terms 'Alzheimer's disease' and 'dementia' are often used to mean the same thing — but here's the real difference between them.

Regular exercise may help in preventing Alzheimer's disease and improving cognitive function.

Study results have been mixed on this potential future treatment.

Alzheimer's prevention: Strategies for staying physically and mentally fit may be most effective.

Zolpidem (Ambien) for insomnia is generally safe in the short term, but some people who take it may behave dangerously, such as driving while not awake.

Try these prevention and treatment tips for ankle swelling during pregnancy.

When you walk, skip the ankle weights and simply pick up the pace.

Alcohol doesn't lower the effectiveness of most antibiotics. But it's still a good idea to avoid alcohol while taking antibiotics.

Learn about common types of antibiotics used during pregnancy and their safety.

Antidepressant withdrawal is possible if you stop taking an antidepressant abruptly — but it's generally preventable.

Combining antidepressants and alcohol can worsen depression and cause other problems.

An antidepressant isn't always a direct cause of weight gain. Learn the other causes of weight gain when taking antidepressants and how to manage weight.

Antidepressants: Reasons treatment stops working.

Sexual side effects are common with antidepressants in both men and women, but there are options to prevent or reduce such side effects.

Anxiety can cause dramatic, temporary increases in blood pressure.

Aortic valve calcification — once thought a harmless condition — may be a sign of heart valve disease.

Proponents tout apple cider vinegar as a weight-loss aid, but there's little proof that it works.

Arcus senilis is a gray arc sometimes visible around the cornea in older adults.

Artificial sweeteners, also called sugar substitutes, offer the sweetness of sugar without the calories.

Not all eyedrops are the same. Here's what to consider when choosing artificial tears for dry eyes.

An aspirin allergy or sensitivity can cause serious symptoms.

A Mayo Clinic specialist explains what you need to know about taking aspirin during pregnancy.

Asthma and acid reflux: A Mayo Clinic expert discusses how acid reflux can worsen asthma.

Can what you eat affect your asthma? Learn how healthy eating habits may reduce asthma symptoms.

Replacing carpet with hard flooring may be a good idea if you have asthma.

Atypical cells appear abnormal, but they aren't necessarily cancerous.

Children with autism spectrum disorder often have other health issues, including problems related to digestion.

Surgery is rarely needed to reattach a small chunk of bone when it gets pulled away from the main part of the bone by a tendon or ligament.

Understand how pregnancy or early motherhood might affect cognition.

Find out when your baby's weight might be of concern and how to promote a healthy weight.

Baby poop comes in various colors and textures. Know what to expect in your newborn's diapers.

Follow these safety tips for using a baby sling.

Losing baby teeth is a major childhood milestone. Find out what to expect.

For back pain relief, an ergonomic chair is generally better than an exercise ball.

Understand the differences between bacterial infections and viral infections.

Barefoot running shoes are designed to protect your feet while mimicking the mechanics of barefoot running.

Weight gain can occur as a side effect of some of these medications used for high blood pressure and other conditions.

If you take beta blockers, you may need to adjust your target heart rate.

There's no evidence that bioidentical hormones are safer than standard hormone therapy for menopause.

The link isn't clearly understood, but these disorders often occur together. Get help from a mental health professional who's an expert in both disorders.

Although bipolar disorder usually affects adults, bipolar disorder in children and teenagers is possible. Early diagnosis and treatment can help.

Some medications used to treat bipolar disorder can increase your appetite or cause changes in metabolism leading to weight gain.

Bipolar I and bipolar II are different disorders, but treatment is similar.

Birth controls pills for acne may be helpful in some women. Learn more.

If you took birth control pills before you knew you were pregnant, the risks of birth defects are low.

Pre-ejaculation fluid can cause pregnancy — which makes withdrawal an unreliable method of birth control.

Although women are more likely to get bladder infections, men can get them, too. Learn about signs and symptoms and what could put you at risk.

Find out more about the causes of male bladder outlet obstruction and possible next steps.

Light vaginal bleeding after hysterectomy is common; it may occur for several days or several weeks.

Vaginal bleeding after menopause isn't normal and should be evaluated by your doctor.

A Mayo Clinic specialist explains what's behind this type of early pregnancy loss.

Blood clots during menstruation can be normal, but passing large clots may be a sign that something's wrong.

Consider these factors when measuring blood sugar levels with blood glucose monitors.

Accurate blood pressure readings depend on the proper size blood pressure cuff.

Losing weight may reduce — or eliminate — the need for blood pressure medication.

Learn which blood pressure medications might increase triglyceride levels.

Blood pressure that consistently measures higher outside the doctor's office is called masked hypertension.

A small difference in blood pressure readings between arms usually isn't a worry. But a large difference can be a warning sign of a health problem.

Like many body functions, blood pressure has a daily pattern. Find out more.

Blood pressure generally is higher in the winter than in the summer. Discover why.

Unexplained changes in blood sugar levels can be the result of illness, injury, stress and hormone changes.

These medications must be taken exactly as directed to prevent blood clots.

Body-weight training — Try out this alternative form of strength training.

Dry skin after breast cancer radiation is fairly common. These suggestions may help.

Concerned about a link between breast implants and cancer? Get the facts.

Breastfeeding and alcohol don't mix well. A Mayo Clinic specialist discusses how alcohol affects breast milk.

Understand why babies sometimes refuse to breastfeed and what you can do about it.

Brominated vegetable oil (BVO) is banned from use in food in many countries, so why is it still being used in some soft drinks sold in the U.S.?

Compared with a bulging disk, a herniated disk is more likely to cause pain because it protrudes farther and is more likely to compress nerve roots.

Even a minor injury to the scalp or forehead can cause a large lump. Find out when it's time to see a health care provider.

Margarine usually tops butter for heart health. But not all margarines are created equal.

Learn why health care providers generally don't recommend a CA 125 test for ovarian cancer screening.

Interested in using CBD? Here's what you need to know about the risks and benefits of using this drug.

Find out how COVID-19 can affect dogs and cats, what you can do to protect your pet, and how to care for your pet if it becomes sick.

Many treatments are being studied for COVID-19. Only one drug has been approved — an antiviral drug called remdesivir.

Understand how underlying health problems, where you live and work, and racism can affect who becomes severely ill with COVID-19.

Swollen lymph nodes caused by the COVID-19 vaccine can look like breast cancer on a mammogram. Find out what to do if you've got a mammogram scheduled.

Find out what's known about the new COVID-19 variants, including the omicron and delta variants.

Coffee, tea and other caffeinated drinks may worsen menopausal hot flashes and other vasomotor symptoms.

For some people with diabetes, as much as one cup of coffee can cause higher or lower blood sugar levels. Learn how caffeine affects your blood sugar.

Caffeine can temporarily increase blood pressure, but its long-term effects on blood pressure are unclear.

Caffeinated drinks usually won't dehydrate you, but water is still your best option.

Learn about the possible link between calcium supplements and heart attacks.

Do guys need calcium supplements for bone health?

In large amounts, calcium supplements may interfere with certain blood pressure medications.

Timing matters when it comes to calcium supplements. Find out what factors affect when you should take calcium.

If taken at the wrong dosages, over-the-counter pain medications can harm your stomach, kidneys, liver or heart.

It may be possible to protect your baby from the pain and irritation of this skin rash that affects infants.

A Mayo Clinic specialist discusses the possible benefits of music for people with Alzheimer's disease.

Find out what labor techniques might help prevent severe vaginal tearing during childbirth.

Find out what the research says about vitamin D and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

There's mixed evidence on whether vitamins can prevent heart disease. Find out more.

Find out if eating whole-grain foods can lower blood pressure.

Should you follow a special gallbladder removal diet to prevent problems, such as diarrhea, after gallbladder surgery?

Candida cleanse diets allegedly remove fungus from your intestines by eliminating its food source.

Pumpkins are a nutritional powerhouse, whether you choose fresh pumpkin or the canned variety.

Health concerns about canola oil abound on the internet but are unfounded.

Carefully planned pre-trip meals, air ventilation and distractions might help prevent car sickness in children.

Wheezing isn't always due to true asthma. Sometimes it's a sign of heart failure. Know the difference.

Carpal tunnel exercises may be helpful, but they aren't used alone.

Getting enough grains in your diet can be challenging if you have celiac disease. Find out about go-to gluten-free grains and which ones to avoid.

A Mayo Clinic specialist discusses the controversial topic of cellphones and cancer.

Cellulitis — a common, potentially serious bacterial skin infection — is not directly contagious.

Learn to treat and prevent recurrent cellulitis.

Cervical cysts usually aren't cancerous. Some types of cervical cysts are so common that they're considered a normal feature of cervical anatomy.

Learn what to expect if a recent Pap test showed abnormal cells on the surface of your cervix (cervical dysplasia).

If cervical length during pregnancy shortens too soon, there might be an increased risk of preterm labor.

Learn more about this debated treatment for heart disease.

Chemotherapy and sex aren't mutually exclusive, as long as you're feeling up to it.

Chemotherapy side effects may include a risk of heart problems, including weakened heart muscle (cardiomyopathy) and heart rhythm problems (arrhythmia).

Understand the risks posed by chickenpox during pregnancy.

Concerned about your child's growth? Find out how you can estimate your child's adult height.

A high cholesterol level is unhealthy — rarely, very low cholesterol may pose risks, too.

Non-HDL cholesterol may be more important than cholesterol ratio.

Home cholesterol test kits are often as accurate as the test your doctor uses, but it can depend on how precisely you follow the directions for the test.

Chronic bladder infection can be a painful, frustrating problem. Learn about causes and treatments.

Diarrhea is fairly common after gallbladder removal. Find out what to expect.

Despite what you might think, cigars aren't that different from cigarettes. Like cigarettes, cigars contain nicotine, tobacco and cancer-causing chemicals.

The term "clinical depression" means severe, persistent depression. It's also called major depression or major depressive disorder.

This oil has been touted by some as a cure for hypothyroidism. Truth or hype?

Interest in coconut water has skyrocketed. It's promoted as 'super hydrating,' but is it really any better than plain water?

Has coffee gotten a bum rap? Can it be part of a healthy diet?

Plain coffee has only a few calories. But the calories jump up when you start adding extras.

Some viruses are more resilient than you may think. Learn more about how they spread and how to protect yourself.

Although colds and seasonal allergies share some of the same symptoms, they are very different diseases. Learn how to tell the difference.

Contrary to popular belief, drinking milk doesn't increase phlegm production when you have a cold.

Colloidal silver supplements are often promoted as cure-alls, but evidence of effectiveness is lacking. Side effects range from skin discoloration to organ damage.

Some groups recommend people over 75 may consider stopping colon cancer screening. Not everyone agrees. Learn about your colon cancer screening options.

Get the facts before trying this technique that's popular among some alternative medicine practitioners who claim it has numerous health benefits.

Whether your child's concussion is mild or severe, it's important to allow time to recover.

Coping with anxiety is a challenge. Eating habits may play a role.

Pain is common after mastectomy and other breast cancer operations. Find out what causes it and learn about treatment options.

The best treatment for coronary artery disease varies depending on the circumstances.

This sudden, temporary squeezing of the muscles in an artery wall reduces blood flow to the heart. Know the causes and treatment.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a virus that spreads between people. Find out how to protect yourself and those close to you.

Coughing after you quit smoking might be a sign that your body is starting to heal.

Coxsackievirus usually produces only mild symptoms, but in some cases, meningitis can result.

Craving and chewing ice (pagophagia) is often associated with iron deficiency with or without anemia.

Fatigue is a fairly common Crohn's disease symptom. Learn about causes, treatments.

Some research suggests that curcumin may help prevent or treat cancer.

Degenerative changes in the spine visible on X-ray indicate osteoarthritis of the spine.

Understanding the causes and types of demyelinating disease, such as multiple sclerosis, can help guide treatment decisions and manage symptoms.

Standard dental floss is generally considered the most effective tool for cleaning between the teeth.

Here are best practices for the care and cleaning of removable partial or full dentures.

Depression and anxiety commonly occur together and have similar treatments: counseling (psychotherapy) or medication, such as antidepressants, or both.

Do detox foot pads really draw toxins out of your body while you sleep?

Diabetes and depression can occur together. Here's what you need to know.

Learn about fasting with diabetes during Ramadan, including potential risks and how to manage your diabetes.

Learn what you can do to protect your feet if you have diabetes.

It's a common myth that you shouldn't eat certain foods if you have diabetes.

Generally, there's no advantage to substituting honey for sugar in a diabetes eating plan.

Learn what cinnamon's role may be as part of a broader diabetes treatment plan.

How to care for your liver if you have diabetes.

Find out why diastasis recti occurs and what you can do about it.

Diet soda may help you cut calories, but other low-calorie options abound.

Digestion takes about two to five days, depending on your system.

Baby teeth can become discolored for many reasons, including inadequate brushing, medications and illness.

Find out what causes discolored semen.

Diuretics and gout can be related because the medication may raise uric acid in your blood. It's usually possible to avoid this side effect, though.

These medications are commonly used to treat high blood pressure. A side effect of some diuretics is low potassium.

Contrary to popular belief, no specific foods are known to trigger diverticulitis attacks.

How is an infrared sauna different from a traditional sauna? Light provides the heat.

You know vitamin C helps fight the common cold. But did you know that vitamin C might also help improve your mood?

Atrial fibrillation is a common heart disorder that may sometimes be inherited. Find out more.

You've probably heard the buzz about honey for allergies — but does this sweet remedy deliver?

Learn how your risk of developing a common heart rhythm disorder called atrial fibrillation can increase as you become older.

Have you heard about prickly pear cactus? Find out about some surprising health benefits of this versatile plant.

Soy foods reduce the risk of breast cancer, but more research is needed to determine whether soy supplements are equally beneficial.

Wondering whether sunscreen expires? Get the facts about how long sunscreen lasts.

A Doppler ultrasound measures blood flow and pressure in blood vessels.

Find out how a doula might be helpful during pregnancy, childbirth and recovery.

Your hepatitis C infection has been cured, but is it safe to drink alcohol again?

Dry mouth: If you have dry mouth, try these tips for relief.

Ear stapling isn't an effective weight-loss strategy.

Early HIV signs and symptoms may include fever, fatigue and swollen lymph glands. Learn more.

Early miscarriage is usually caused by an abnormality with the baby — not maternal stress.

Despite claims of benefits, eating your placenta after giving birth can be harmful to you and your baby.

Ebola virus: A Mayo Clinic expert explains how the virus spreads

A diluted bleach bath may help treat chronic eczema.

Get the latest information about eggs, cholesterol and heart disease.

This measurement, commonly taken during an echocardiogram, tells your doctor how well your heart is pumping. Know what results mean.

Understand if an elective abortion can affect your fertility or future pregnancies.

Find out the possible benefits of using an electric toothbrush.

There is no cure for this disorder of the nervous system but promising research offers hope for new ways to slow and perhaps reverse the effects of this disease.

Endometriosis and ovarian cancer are linked, but the relationship isn't straight cause and effect.

Lifestyle factors such as diet appear to play a role in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). See what lifestyle changes may help with symptoms.

Enterovirus D68 infections are on the rise, mostly among children. Know the symptoms and what you can do.

Play it smart. Ease up on exercise if you have a cold.

Reduce your multiple sclerosis symptoms through exercise.

Find out how much exercise you need and how to get it.

Breakthrough bleeding is more common with continuous and extended-cycle birth control pills, but usually decreases with time.

Eye dilation is part of a comprehensive eye exam. How often you need it depends on your age and health risks.

Fainting during or immediately after urination (micturition syncope) is a rare occurrence in healthy individuals.

Here's what to consider after a fall during pregnancy, including when to seek medical attention.

Pregnancy may be possible with one fallopian tube.

Periodically following a fasting diet may have heart-health benefits. Find out more.

Learn tips to become a more-confident public speaker

Not all women have orgasms with vaginal penetration during sex. Most women need stimulation of the clitoris to climax.

Fiber supplements are one tool for adding fiber to your diet and easing constipation. Here are some tips for using them safely.

Fibromyalgia symptoms may be reduced by acupuncture treatments.

Fibromyalgia often co-exists with several other painful conditions, which may be related to how your body processes pain signals.

Nutrition experts recommend ground flaxseed over whole flaxseed. Find out why.

Find out about the safety of antiviral flu medication during pregnancy.

Influenza masks and hand hygiene might help protect health care workers from flu (influenza).

Will you be pregnant during flu season? A flu shot is safe — and it protects both you and your baby.

The flu shot protects against influenza, which is different from the stomach flu (gastroenteritis).

Know the latest recommendations for children's flu vaccines.

If you're at high risk of flu complications, see your doctor when experiencing flu symptoms.

If you have egg allergy, you still may be able to receive the flu vaccine.

Persistently foamy urine can be a sign of protein in your urine (proteinuria) and could be an indicator of kidney disease.

Might you have to swear off milkshakes for good? Follow the symptom clues to find out whether you possibly have a food allergy or a food intolerance.

Prevent food poisoning with these food safety tips for handling and reheating leftover food.

Leg and foot swelling during air travel is common and usually harmless.

Results from free blood pressure monitoring machines aren't always accurate.

Some studies have suggested that frequent ejaculation may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. But other research hasn't supported this idea.

This type of receding hairline, which primarily affects older women, is treatable. The earlier you talk with your doctor about it, the better your chance of preventing permanent baldness.

Fructose is a sugar found naturally in fruits, fruit juices, some vegetables and honey. Learn which foods to avoid if you have fructose intolerance.

Understand how fundal height is measured and what it means.

Certain medications can aggravate symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Learn more.

Noninsulin drugs for diabetes improve blood sugar control and may also support weight loss.

A gallbladder cleanse is a popular alternative remedy for gallstones. But does it work?

The size of gallbladder polyps can be a useful predictor of whether they're cancerous.

After gastric bypass surgery, diet and exercise are crucial for maintaining your weight loss.

It's unlikely you would get genital herpes or a similar infection from a toilet seat.

Ginger is being studied for possible benefit in treating chemotherapy-induced nausea.

Glucosamine manufacturers claim their products slow or stop cartilage damage in osteoarthritis.

Some people with diabetes use the glycemic index (GI) as a guide in selecting foods.

Read more about this small, usually harmless area of inflammation that often shows up incidentally when you have a test for another reason.

Grapefruit and other citrus can be a problem if you take prescription medicines.

Grass-fed beef may have heart-health benefits that conventional beef doesn't. Find out more.

Is the HCG diet a safe way to shed pounds?

HER2-positive breast cancer tends to be more aggressive than other types of breast cancer. Treatments that target HER2 are very effective.

Learn what types of cancer HPV can cause in men and how you can reduce your risk.

You know the value of hand washing, but did you know hand drying matters too? Why? Wet hands more easily spread germs.

Hand swelling during exercise is a common problem, but rarely serious enough to disrupt your routine.

Headaches during pregnancy are common. Here's help easing the pain.

It's possible that secondhand smoke can irritate the arteries and increase the risk of a heart attack.

Although heart tumors do occur, the vast majority of them are noncancerous (benign).

Taking care of your teeth hasn't been proved a key to heart disease prevention.

Many people with heart failure worry that sex might harm their hearts. How do you know when it's OK to be intimate? Cardiac rehab and counseling can help.

A normal resting heart rate for adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute. A heart rate above or below that may signal a problem.

Acid-controlling medications may do more than prevent heartburn. They may also interfere with vitamin B-12 absorption.

Heavy periods may cause iron deficiency anemia. Folic acid supplements can't treat that.

Know how to relieve painful, swollen veins in the anus and rectum during pregnancy.

Although hepatitis C is highly contagious, the risk of sexual transmission is very low.

End-stage complications of hepatitis C include liver failure and liver cancer.

Herbal treatment for anxiety: A Mayo Clinic expert discusses safety and effectiveness.

A hernia truss can temporarily ease discomfort, but medical care is needed for a painful hernia.

Among cold remedies, decongestants cause the most concern for people who have high blood pressure.

Treatment of high cholesterol in children is controversial, but is a growing concern.

Can cinnamon lower cholesterol?

High-dose flu vaccines are flu vaccines for older people.

High-dose vitamin C has been touted by some as an effective alternative cancer treatment.

Today's hearing aids are effective for all types of hearing loss — including high-frequency hearing loss.

Too much added sugar, including high-fructose corn syrup, can affect your health.

Considering a high-protein diet for weight loss? Understand the precautions first.

Hip resurfacing uses a metal-on-metal prosthesis, which can cause health problems in some people.

Learn how doctors determine your type of lymphoma using lab tests to examine cancer cells.

A study in children with the common cold suggests that honey may help calm coughs.

Hookah smoking may be more harmful than smoking cigarettes. Find out why.

Antibody testing determines if you had COVID-19 (coronavirus) infection in the past. It differs from testing to diagnose if you currently have COVID-19.

Researchers have uncovered a type of body fat, dubbed brown fat, that appears to burn regular fat.

Wonder how many hours of sleep are enough? A Mayo Clinic specialist offers guidelines.

Understand the do's and don'ts of tummy time for babies.

Learn self-care tips for healing cracked heels.

Learn how to treat the tiny, painful cracks that can form on the thumb tip when your skin is very dry.

Knowing how much saturated fat is in the foods you eat can help you meet your health and nutrition goals.

Learn what you can do at home if your ear new piercing becomes infected.

Learn simple remedies to easing your baby's discomfort from the pain and irritation of this skin rash.

Understand the role water plays in keeping skin healthy.

According to the hygiene hypothesis, early childhood infections can help prevent asthma. But is that the case?

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy helps with some medical conditions that affect the brain. Find out what the research says about its role in stroke treatment.

Hyperinflated lungs can be associated with lung conditions, such as COPD.

Hyperinsulinemia is often associated with type 2 diabetes.

Understand what causes a breast milk oversupply and what you can do about it.

A sudden rise in blood pressure over 180/120 mm Hg is considered a medical emergency, or crisis. It can lead to a stroke. Know the symptoms.

For women, there's sometimes a link between having an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) and infertility.

There's no truth to the so-called hypothyroidism diet.

Hypothyroidism symptoms can vary, but eye problems aren't usually a concern.

Calcium supplements can interfere with how the body absorbs medications used to treat hypothyroidism.

Rarely, hypothyroidism can cause peripheral neuropathy, such as carpal tunnel syndrome.

Hypothyroidism can cause muscle and joint problems, such as joint pain and stiffness.

Although iodine deficiency can cause hypothyroidism, this deficiency is rare in the United States.

Implantation bleeding is a common early pregnancy symptom. Understand why it happens.

With time and dedication, breastfeeding without pregnancy (induced lactation) might be possible.

Worried about infant constipation? A Mayo Clinic specialist explains how to treat it.

You can safely prepare infant formula with tap water or bottled water. Consider the pros and cons of each.

Infant growth rates depend on various factors. Consider what's typical during baby's first year.

Frequent waking is a common form of insomnia. Here's how to fall asleep again.

Intermittent fasting isn't new, but it's gaining followers. What's the appeal?

Using a home sperm test to check your fertility may not provide a clear answer.

Depression is common in people with rheumatoid arthritis. If it isn't treated, depression may contribute to worsening of rheumatoid arthritis symptoms.

Is fibromyalgia hereditary? The disorder appears to run in families.

Takeout containers aren't the best for storing leftovers. Wrap or repackage food to keep it fresher and safer.

What the change in the research definition of Alzheimer's disease means for you.

Both the top and bottom numbers in blood pressure readings are indicators of your health. But just the top number being high might be a concern.

Learn more about isometric exercises that contract a particular muscle or group of muscles.

In most people, joint hypermobility causes no problems and requires no treatment.

Juicing is a hot trend, but does it deliver on claims of better health? Learn about the pros and cons of juicing.

Many factors may influence the decision to withdraw from kidney dialysis.

Kidney donation can save a life, but it's important to understand the risks.

You know your kids should exercise, but how much? Find out and get ideas for helping children and adolescents be more physically active.

Does kombucha tea live up to its reputation as a health tonic?

L-arginine is a substance that relaxes blood vessels and may help lower blood pressure. Learn how it works and who should or shouldn't take the supplement.

Lack of sleep can affect your immune system. Here's what you need to know.

Medication for lactation suppression generally isn't recommended.

Laryngospasm is a brief spasm of the vocal cords, which temporarily interrupts breathing.

Late-night snacks aren't necessarily off-limits with diabetes, but healthy choices won't leave you with high blood sugar in the morning.

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is a slow developing form of autoimmune diabetes.

A Mayo Clinic specialist shares prevention and treatment tips for leg cramps during pregnancy.

New, persistent leg pain or aching may indicate an underlying circulation problem.

Learn when this condition that causes a lacy pattern on the skin is simply a result of being chilled or something more serious.

Occasionally, liver cysts can cause pain and discomfort in the upper abdomen.

Chronic hepatitis C may lead to liver failure, which has only one treatment: Liver transplant. Find out more about this risk.

Age-related loss of sex drive is normal, but sometimes an underlying condition is at play.

Aging can play a role in the loss of taste and smell — but not always.

Delivery, amnioinfusion and drinking more fluids might be recommended when amniotic fluid is found to be low.

For older adults, low blood sodium (hyponatremia) can be fatal if left untreated.

Find out what can affect your milk supply and how to boost it.

If you have kidney disease, you may need to limit how much phosphorus you eat or drink each day. A dietitian can help you create a custom meal plan.

An epidural isn't necessarily off-limits if you have a lower back tattoo.

Lung nodules are common. Most aren't cancer. Find out what tests might be recommended if you have a lung nodule.

Hair loss is common in lupus. Although distressing, it is usually temporary.

Although uncommon, hives can occur in people with lupus. Learn about causes and treatments.

A low-tyramine diet is important for anyone taking MAOIs.

Older gadolinium contrast agents used with MRI posed a risk for people with severe kidney failure. Newer versions are much safer.

Enlarged red blood cells (macrocytosis) can be due to many factors.

Find out what ingredients pharmacists combine for this treatment for mouth sores caused by chemotherapy and other cancer treatments.

Learn how to make progress toward your goals of learning new skills such as a new language or a musical instrument.

Male masturbation has little effect on sperm count or quality.

Latest Mayo Clinic mammogram guidelines for breast cancer screening.

Get tips to manage your health, stay focused, and use your time well while dealing with job pressures and demands.

Some marketers claim mangosteen juice has anti-inflammatory benefits. Find out what the research says.

Marijuana and depression seem to go hand in hand for some people, but there's no clear evidence that marijuana directly causes depression.

Marijuana use during pregnancy can harm you and your baby. Find out how.

Is it possible to get measles from someone else if you've been vaccinated?

Melatonin is generally safe for short-term use but can cause side effects.

For many women, menopause and high blood pressure seem to go together. Discover why.

Some forms of hormone therapy prescribed to ease hot flashes and other menopause symptoms may cause vaginal bleeding. Learn more.

Products that promise to boost your metabolism abound, but can they help you lose weight?

Combining migraine medications and antidepressants may pose several concerns.

Certain antidepressants are used in migraine treatment. Learn more about these medications.

Migraines can be associated with certain gastrointestinal problems. Learn more.

Migraines — Are they triggered by weather changes?

The term 'ministroke' typically refers to a transient ischemic attack.

Moldy cheese may be unappetizing, but is it unsafe?

Find out more about the rare monkeypox viral infection, the possible symptoms in humans, treatment options and how to prevent getting or spreading the virus.

Epstein-Barr virus sometimes causes mononucleosis, but most Epstein-Barr infections are less severe.

Mono can return in some rare cases. Learn more about causes and complications.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) can trigger headaches and other symptoms in some people.

Visible mucus in stool can have a variety of causes — not necessarily serious.

Seizures occur more often in people with multiple sclerosis than in the general population.

Multivitamins: Would your youngster benefit from a supplement?

Myofascial release, a form of manual therapy, may help reduce back pain.

Common pain medications such as ibuprofen or naproxen sodium may increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.

Vertical nail ridges are common and often become more prominent with age.

Narrow stools may be a sign of narrowing or obstruction of the colon.

Nasal spray 'addiction' isn't really an addiction at all. Learn more.

Natural acne treatment comes in various forms. Some may be beneficial.

Breast enhancement supplements haven't been proved effective and could cause side effects.

For some people, certain herbal and dietary supplements seem to help with depression, but more studies are needed on their effectiveness and side effects.

Nausea during pregnancy, also called morning sickness, is common. Understand what nausea and vomiting might mean for your pregnancy.

Nervous breakdown is not a medical term — but it may indicate an underlying mental health problem that needs attention, such as anxiety or depression.

Learn more about this container designed to rinse debris or mucus from the nasal cavity.

Some Neurontin side effects can be troubling and require evaluation by your doctor.

Get the facts about when to wake a sleeping baby for a feeding.

Niacin overdose is unlikely when it's taken as prescribed for high cholesterol.

"Alarm clock" (hypnic) headaches wake people up. But other nighttime headaches also can disrupt sleep. Relief begins with determining the cause.

Nighttime panic attacks can cause sweating, rapid heart rate, trembling, shortness of breath, heavy breathing, flushing or chills. Learn about treatment.

Non-mesh sling — A Mayo Clinic expert explains how a non-mesh sling can be used to treat female stress urinary incontinence.

Learn the difference between normal stress and adjustment disorder.

Occipital nerve stimulation is a relatively new procedure to treat chronic headache disorders.

Flashes of light, zigzagging patterns and temporary blindness — what does it all mean?

This essential fatty acid is found in certain foods and is recommended as part of a balance diet.

Opioids aren't the first choice for a chronic condition such as arthritis. And some of their side effects may be particularly concerning for older people.

Understand the benefits of organic baby food.

You know what M.D. means, but what does D.O. mean? What are the differences and similarities between these two types of doctors?

Some osteoporosis drugs may increase risks of bone problems in the jaw and thigh.

Many people can stop taking these common osteoporosis medications after 3 to 5 years.

Joint replacement of the hip, knee and shoulder can be done safely as outpatient surgery. Most people can go home the same day as the procedure.

Surgery to remove your uterus may affect your risk of ovarian cancer, depending on the type of procedure you had.

Certain types of ovarian cysts can contribute to fertility problems.

Trying to get pregnant? Learn about ovulation signs and symptoms.

Ozone air purifiers don't reduce asthma symptoms. In fact, they can make asthma worse.

A number of factors can cause PSA levels to rise after surgery for an enlarged prostate.

Depression can cause unexplained physical symptoms, such as headaches. Chronic pain can cause problems that lead to depression, such as poor sleep.

Doctors recommend regular cervical cancer screening whether you've had sex or not.

If you've had surgery to remove your uterus, you might not need routine Pap smears. Find out what doctors recommend for cervical cancer screening.

Unfortunately, there is no standard or routine screening test for ovarian cancer.

Learn about the signs of this indirect way of expressing negative feelings.

Know the signs and symptoms of a penis fracture.

Rarely, inhaling petroleum jelly for prolonged periods can cause lung inflammation (lipoid pneumonia).

Phantosmia is often due to a head injury or upper respiratory infection.

Phentermine, a prescription medication, can help with weight loss when combined with diet and exercise.

You may be worried about phenylalanine because of a warning on diet soda. Find out why the warning is there.

Photodynamic therapy may play a limited role in lung cancer treatment.

Many parents wonder how long pink eye (conjunctivitis) is contagious. Find out.

Plugged ears are usually a mild, temporary problem. Learn about potential causes and treatments.

This combination pill contains small doses of several commonly prescribed heart disease medications.

Early research suggested that pomegranate juice could slow the growth of prostate cancer, but more-rigorous trials failed to confirm those results.

Small studies suggest that pomegranate juice might help lower cholesterol. Find out more about this antioxidant-rich juice.

Use these tips to help someone cope with stress from a traumatic event, whether it's acute stress disorder (ASD) or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Find out how pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can prevent HIV infection.

Prednisone is a powerful medication. Find out why it's so important to taper off your dosage gradually.

Learn about self-care and safe medications to treat acne during pregnancy.

Understand the possible risks of hot tub use during pregnancy.

Pregnancy constipation is common. Know how to safely treat it.

Extreme moodiness, intense sadness or marked irritability in the days before your period — along with your usual PMS symptoms — could be PMDD.

Prenatal vitamins — why they might not be suitable if you're not pregnant.

Depending on what's causing it, hair loss in women may be prevented.

Probiotics are foods or supplements that contain 'good' bacteria that might help treat or prevent illness. Should they be part of your diet?

Prolotherapy may help low back pain, but proof remains elusive.

Magnesium supplements are popular but not risk-free. Fortunately food sources are easy to add to your diet.

Prostate cancer can spread (metastasize) just about anywhere in the body, but it's most likely to spread to the lymph nodes and bones.

Find out what your PSA level may mean for your prostate cancer prognosis.

Some men with prostatitis have pain with ejaculation or sexual activity.

Protein shakes aren't a magic bullet for weight loss. Here's why.

Pseudoaneurysm may be a complication of cardiac catheterization.

Pubic hair removal is common, but so are related side effects.

Pulse pressure may be a strong predictor of heart problems, especially for older adults.

Reactive airway disease is a general term that doesn't indicate a specific diagnosis.

Reactive hypoglycemia is low blood sugar that occurs shortly after eating.

Recurrent prostate infections can be difficult to treat. Here's what to consider.

For some children, tonsillectomy may reduce the frequency of recurring strep throat infections.

Although a renal diet restricts protein, you still must eat some protein every day.

Repeat C-sections are common — but each C-section is generally more complicated than the last.

Resperate is a device that teaches slow, deep breathing — which can reduce blood pressure.

Rhabdomyolysis is a rare but potentially life-threatening side effect of statins.

Although rheumatoid arthritis is primarily a joint disease, it occasionally affects the eyes.

Although rheumatoid arthritis primarily affects the joints, it can also affect the lungs.

Ricin is a deadly poison derived from castor bean plants — the same beans used to make castor oil.

Light therapy may be helpful for some people with rosacea.

Excessive salt craving may indicate an underlying medical condition, such as Addison's disease.

Milnacipran (Savella) may help relieve the fatigue and pain associated with fibromyalgia.

Learn how to tell apart these common conditions of the scalp, both of which cause inflamed, scaly skin.

Should you take health claims about sea salt with a grain of salt? What makes it different from table salt?

Second pregnancies don't always come easily. Learn about possible causes for secondary infertility and when to seek professional help.

How to take care of yourself at home when you have the flu.

Semen allergy, also called seminal plasma hypersensitivity, is a rare condition that can be easily misdiagnosed. Learn about symptoms and possible treatments.

Know what causes sensitive teeth and effective treatments.

Find out whether COVID-19 can be spread during sexual activity and how to reduce your risk of getting the virus from a sexual partner.

Vaginal infection makes intercourse painful and weakens your resistance to sexually transmitted infections. Consider waiting.

Contrary to popular belief, shaving unwanted hair doesn't make it grow back thicker.

Generally, it's best to avoid alcohol during the course of shingles treatment.

A new shingles vaccine uses an inactivated varicella-zoster (chickenpox) virus so you can't infect others.

People who are age 50 and older should get the shingles vaccine to prevent shingles.

If you have A-fib, you may need to avoid certain foods or drinks. Know when and why you may need to change your diet.

This type of heart attack occurs with few, if any, symptoms. Find out more.

Understand the health effects of ruptured silicone breast implants.

Sometimes the cause of a toothache isn't a tooth problem, but a sinus problem.

Sitting for long periods — such as in front of the TV or at a desk — appears to increase risk of death from cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Sjogren's syndrome isn't thought to cause UTIs, but it may cause other urinary conditions.

Antihistamines are somewhat effective as sleep aids — but only for occasional insomnia.

Caffeine doesn't seem to cause or aggravate obstructive sleep apnea.

Too little sleep affects not only energy levels but also heart health.

Cancer cells are classified by how they look under a microscope. Learn common terms used to describe cancer cells.

Smoking leads to premature skin aging — and more wrinkles.

Soy doesn't significantly lower cholesterol. But eating soy can still be healthy.

Whether people who have hypothyroidism should avoid soy is a topic of debate.

This term is sometimes used to refer to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) — but how accurate is it?

After ejaculation, the life span of sperm depends on the circumstances.

Spreading bowel preparation over two days makes the process more tolerable and does a better job of cleaning the colon before a colonoscopy.

Statins can cause muscle injury in some people. But can they also trigger ALS?

Sugar substitutes, such as refined stevia preparations, may help with weight management, but they aren't a magic bullet.

Depending on which virus causes your stomach ailment, you can be contagious from a few days to two weeks or more.

Stool color is usually a result of diet and is only rarely a concern.

Strep throat in young children is uncommon, but it's possible. Learn about symptoms.

Learn how stress and hair loss can be related.

Think about these ideas as you consider what skills and career you'd like to pursue in the future.

Sulfa allergy: A Mayo Clinic expert discusses which medications are likely to cause problems.

Sun rash — Causes and prevention tips for this itchy red rash.

When might sunburn require medical attention?

Sundowning isn't a disease. It's a symptom that often occurs in people with dementia.

Your body can't digest chewing gum. So what happens when you swallow it?

Tailbone pain can have many causes and treatments.

Taurine might improve athletic performance but further research is needed.

Ice is recommended for sudden injuries to tendons. But heat might be a better choice for chronic tendinitis caused by overuse.

Find out how to help your toddler meet the challenges of being 2.

Test anxiety can interfere with your performance: Here's what you can do.

A Mayo Clinic specialist discusses the relationship between testicular microlithiasis and testicular cancer.

Testosterone therapy may boost sex drive for some women, but its long-term safety is unclear.

For adults, tetanus shots are recommended every 10 years.

Take steps to prevent the dawn phenomenon — an abnormal early-morning increase in blood sugar.

Fragile or thin skin is a fairly common problem, especially in older adults.

Thyroid disease can affect your mood and cause symptoms that mimic mental illness.

A Mayo Clinic expert discusses using thyroid guards during mammograms to reduce the risk of thyroid cancer from radiation.

A thyroid peroxidase antibody test can help determine the cause of thyroid disease.

Ringing in the ears (tinnitus) has many possible causes, including taking antidepressants.

A Mayo Clinic specialist describes typical speech development between the ages of 2 and 3.

Vitamin C is an essential nutrient, but too much carries its own risks.

A Mayo Clinic expert explains the differences and similarities between these two types of growths and how doctors determine if they're cancerous.

Know how to wash and care for your child's uncircumcised penis.

If you're underweight and unhappy about it, try these healthy meals, snacks and treats to help you achieve your desired weight.

Undigested food in stool generally isn't a problem unless it's accompanied by other symptoms.

Type O negative is sometimes called the universal blood donor type.

Find out about the unusual symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including COVID toes, nausea, and loss of smell or taste.

Like LDL cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol is considered a type of 'bad' cholesterol.

Vaccination schedule — A Mayo Clinic specialist explains why young children need multiple vaccines.

Find out which vaccines you need during pregnancy and which ones to avoid.

Low-dose estrogen therapy, vaginal moisturizers and vaginal lubricants are among possible treatments for menopausal vaginal dryness and its discomforts.

Valerian — Can this sleep aid help you sleep better?

Vaping during pregnancy can expose your baby to nicotine.

Although switching to a vegetarian diet won't cure diabetes, it may offer some benefits.

Learn about drugs to treat problems with sexual arousal or sexual desire in women.

Vicks VapoRub is often used as a nasal decongestant. Does it work?

Low levels of vitamin B-12 and other B vitamins may be linked to depression, but more research is needed.

Vitamin B-12 injections — A weight-loss shot sounds appealing, but does it work?

Some research suggests that vitamin D may reduce the risk of multiple sclerosis.

What are the risks of too little vitamin D?

Too little vitamin D is bad for the bones, but what about the heart? Learn how vitamin D deficiency may affect blood pressure.

A Mayo Clinic specialist explains why, when and how to give your baby vitamin D.

Understand the risks of too much vitamin D, including a toxic reaction.

Can vitamin supplements improve MS symptoms?

Vocal cord dysfunction and asthma cause similar symptoms, but they're not the same. Find out the difference between the two.

Vulvar varicosities can cause discomfort during pregnancy. Understand what causes this form of varicose veins and learn how to get relief.

Walking pneumonia is a general term for relatively mild cases of pneumonia.

Walking and a prudent diet can put you on the path to sustainable weight management.

Certain foods and beverages may interact with warfarin. Find out more.

Warm-mist and cool-mist humidifiers are equally effective in humidifying the air.

Drinking plenty of water helps keep your digestive system on track.

For water exercise, the pool temperature should feel soothing and comfortable, not hot.

Interested in natural diuretics for fluid retention and weight gain? You may be better off watching your diet.

For weight training, proper technique is more important than the specific type of equipment.

Weight-loss hypnosis might be another weight-loss tool, but don't forget the basics.

For most strength training enthusiasts, there's no need to invest in a weightlifting belt.

Learn how opioid medications work and how those effects can be dangerous when the drugs are taken incorrectly.

Some bacteria and other germs are resistant to most types of antibiotics and medications that treat them. Find out the risks and how to prevent infections.

Get to know what the dates on food packages mean, including the 'sell by' and 'best if used by' dates.

Find out more about BPA, a chemical used in some plastics and resins, and explore options for reducing your exposure.

MERS-CoV is a respiratory illness that's sometimes fatal. Help protect yourself with good hygiene practices.

Find out about retinopathy of prematurity — a potentially blinding eye condition that affects premature infants — including emerging therapies.

Know when new heart failure symptoms require a call to a health care provider or an ER visit. A heart failure action plan can guide your self-care.

Learn more about this mosquito-borne virus — found in Africa, Asia, India, and parts of Europe and the Americas — that causes fever and severe joint pain.

Hot yoga, also known as Bikram yoga, is an intense form of yoga performed in a heated studio.

Heart age is a way to understand your risk of a heart attack or stroke. By making healthier lifestyle choices, you can lower your heart age and your risk.

Reflexology is gaining popularity as a stress reliever, but does it work?

Learn about this tick from Asia that was recently reported in the United States and find out how to prevent tick bites.

Tobacco smoke creates toxic residue that clings to walls, carpets, clothes and other surfaces.

H1N1 flu is a subcategory of influenza A.

Olive, canola or grapeseed? Which cooking oil should you use for sauteing and frying?

When should you brush your teeth? Understand how to protect your oral health.

Blood pressure that measures high during a health checkup could be a risk factor for high blood pressure. Find out more.

A small white patch on skin may have several causes, including eczema, psoriasis and vitiligo.

White stool isn't normal and may indicate a serious liver problem. Learn about causes.

Find out how whitening toothpaste works and whether it's effective.

Whole-body vibration — Don't give up regular exercise and a healthy diet.

Hepatitis C vaccine development is far from straightforward, but experimental vaccines are under study.

Find out whether an air purifier can eliminate cigarette smoke from your home.

The existence of Wilson's syndrome — often described as mild or subclinical hypothyroidism — is controversial.

Many dentists recommend wisdom teeth removal to improve oral health.

Devices that measure blood pressure at the wrist may be an option for some people. Know how to position a wrist monitor properly.

Understand when an X-ray during pregnancy might cause harm and how to avoid it.

Yeast infections are common during pregnancy. Over-the-counter treatments are usually safe.

Yeast infections can occur in men, causing inflammation of the penis (balanitis). Learn what signs and symptoms could mean you have a yeast infection.

Yerba mate tea may help relieve fatigue, but it has some risks.

Everyone's heard of taking zinc for colds. But does it really work?